Distinctive unit insignia (DUI)unit crest is a metal heraldic device worn by soldiers in the United States Army on uniforms,collected for shadowboxes ect All US military insignia that we carry have been approved by the Army, and Air Force through the Institute of Heraldry, the Navy through the Natick Testing Laboratories, and the USMC through the USMC Logistic Agency. [39] The tree design was taken from the coat of arms of the First Gas Regiment. [27], To formally disestablish the corps, the U.S. Congress had to approve the move, because it had officially established the Chemical Corps in 1946. In accordance with U.S. Federal Law, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri is designated the central … [2] By 1917, the use of chemical weapons by both the Allied and Central Powers had become commonplace along the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts, occurring daily in some regions. “Pueblo Depot” is representative of the installation throughout its history. [10] By the time those in the 30th Engineers arrived in France most of them knew nothing of chemical warfare and had no specialized equipment. By 1942 the CWS employed 60,000 soldiers and civilians and was appropriated $1 billion. Some newspaper editorials supported the use of chemical weapons in the Pacific theater. In April 2006, depot employees submitted artwork for consideration for a new depot logo. Chemical Corps. The Chemical Corps, like all branches of the U.S. Army, uses specific insignia to indicate a soldier's affiliation with the corps. Another American, Forrest Shepherd, also proposed a chemical weapon attack against the Confederates. [4], A center for chemical weapons research was established at American University in Washington, D.C. to house researchers. Sloppy measurements on pure materials. To have changed the name to the "Chemical Service" would have been more in keeping with its functions than to designate it as the "Chemical Corps.". I am doing everything in my power to discourage the use of gases and other chemicals in any war between nations. [27] Recruitment and career advancement was halted and the Chemical School at Fort McClellan was shut down and moved to Aberdeen Proving Grounds. LVT4 Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Unarmored (Mark IV), John Pike, GlobalSecurity.Org, July 2011, paragraph 5[LVT4 Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Unarmored (Mark IV)]. Italy used mustard gas and phosgene during the short Second Italo-Abyssinian War, Germany employed chemical agents such as Zyklon B against Jews, political prisoners and other victims in extermination camps during the Holocaust, and Japan employed chemical and biological weapons in China. By 1915, the combatants were using poison gases and chemical irritants on the battlefield. MISSION STATEMENT: The 84th Chemical Battalion trains, educates and develops Soldiers and Leaders into Disciplined CBRN Warriors who are capable of enabling mission success anytime and anywhere. Where there was support for Chemical Warfare was in V Amphibious Corps and X U.S. Army. [citation needed], The Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency (CCIA) was founded in 1955[23] within a facility at Arlington Hall Station, Virginia. [32] The locations of many of Iraq's chemical stockpiles were never uncovered and there is widespread speculation that U.S. troops were exposed to chemical munitions while destroying weapons caches,[33] particularly near the Khamisiyah storage site. [25] The CCIA accomplished the intelligence function of the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. US Army Chemical Corps, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The regimental insignia incorporates specific symbolism in its design. It also refers to the unit’s chemical/biological, smoke/obscurant and support to Homeland security industrial base missions at Pine Bluff Arsenal. The hawk represents native depot wildlife, the present and future mission of the environmental programs, and was also the name of one of the missile systems supplied by the depot during its missile mission in the 1950s and 60s. Heritage – Esprit de Corps – Image – Professionalism Our Purpose The purpose of the Association is to promote the heritage, history, esprit and professionalism of the United States Army Chemical Corps, and advance scientific, literary, educational, and artistic endeavors of the [citation needed], The school trains officers and enlisted personnel in CBRN warfare and defense with a mission is "To protect the force and allow the Army to fight and win against a CBRN threat. Sibert. Develop doctrine, equipment and training for CBRN defense which serve as a deterrent to any adversary possessing weapons of mass destruction. Baseball Hall of Fame baseball player, manager, and executive Branch Rickey served in the 1st Gas Regiment during World War I. Rickey spent over four months as a member of the CWS. Chemical Corps Jobs / MOS List. [30], After Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 and much of the world responded by amassing military assets in the region, the United States Army faced the possibility of experiencing chemical or biological (CB) attack. Let’s get chemical. CHEMICAL INSIGNIA The threat of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) weapons requires the Army to have a corps of dedicated professionals capable of using the latest CBRN defense technology. An open air spraying of VX was blamed for killing over 4,000 sheep near the US Dugway Proving Ground. Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Letter to the Senate on Chemicals in Warfare.," 4 August 1937. Since its closure due to Base Realignment and Closure in 1999, the Army's Chemical Corps and the United States Army Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) School are located at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. #BlueWhale Pros and Cons What do they do? The dragon, a legendary creature, symbolizes the fire and destruction of chemical warfare. [9][10] Despite the conventional training, the public perceived the 30th as dealing mainly with "poisonous gas and hell fire". Chemical Careers Crossed shells with a dragon head was also commonly used in France for the Chemical service. In the event, neither chemical nor biological weapons were used on the battlefield by any combatant during World War II. (. [16] Despite the lack of chemical warfare during the conflict, the CWS saw its funding and personnel increase substantially due to concerns that the Germans and Japanese had a formidable chemical weapons capability. The Chemical Corps is the branch of the United States Army tasked with defending against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. [9], In 1918, the 30th Engineer Regiment (Gas and Flame) was redesignated the First Gas Regiment and deployed to assist and support Army gas operations, both offensive and defensive. This shift led to every unit in the army having chemical specialists in-house by the mid-1980s. Doughty included a detailed drawing of the shell with his letter. The corps was founded as the U.S. Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) during World War I. Its mission was to support the national intelligence effort with particular emphasis on the military aspects of Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) intelligence information. These methods’ roots are traced back to Project Eagle I (incinerating of mustard agents) and Eagle II (neutralizing nerve agents). The physical demands and profile rating, required ASVAB line scores, and any available enlistment bonuses are included for each enlisted MOS. Stop overreacting. For officers, Although the location of Hussein's chemical munitions was unknown, their existence was never doubted. The report blamed the U.S. Department of Defense for failure to address shortcoming identified five years earlier during combat in the Persian Gulf War. To dignify this Service by calling it the "Chemical Corps" is, in my judgment, contrary to a sound public policy. The rising sun denotes the dawning of a new day without chemical weapons and the organization’s mission to safely destroy chemical weapons stockpile, thus changing the future of modern warfare. Shells were filled with toxic gas in Edgewood, Maryland. A chemical mortar battalion in action at Utah Beach, 1944, The CB-H2 flamethrower seen here on Iwo Jima had a range of 150 yards[15], The Chemical Warfare Service deployed and prepared gas weapons for use throughout the world during World War II. Major General Amos Fries, the CWS chief from 1920–29, viewed chemical disarmament as a Communist plot. The branch insignia, which was adopted in 1918 by the fledgling Chemical Service, measures .5 inches in height by 1.81 inches in width. Test tube babes. [citation needed], The Chemical Corps Regimental Association operates the "Chemical Corps Hall of Fame". Properly used gas could shorten the war in the Pacific and prevent loss of many American lives," Porter said. [citation needed], On 28 June 1918, the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) was officially formed and encompassed the "Gas Service" and "Chemical Service" Sections. The English translation of the motto is "Let us rule the battle through the elements." “Whatever It Takes” 1st Battalion, 4th Marines: Stationed at Camp Pendleton, California, 1/4 is an infantry battalion that has been fighting battles since its first combat operation in the Dominican Republic in 1916.That’s also where 1st Lt. Ernest Williams earned the … A defoliant run during the Vietnam War, part of Operation Ranch Hand. [27] The criticism of the Army culminated with the near-disbanding of the Chemical Corps in the aftermath of the War. Such use is inhuman and contrary to what modern civilization should stand for. Under his leadership the research, development, and production of flamethrowing tanks and napalm took place at Schofield Barracks. [43] Other Hall of Famers also served in the CWS during World War I, among them Ty Cobb and Christy Mathewson; Mathewson suffered lung damage after inhaling gas in a training accident, which contributed to his later death from tuberculosis. General Creighton Abrams, seen here in 1968, was appointed Army Chief of Staff in 1972. US Army - Chemical Corps Insignia Patch Decal on 3M Reflective Vinyl - Full Color Many Sizes - USA Made For Car, Laptop, Etc BentWookieDecal. The U.S. Army Chemical Corps traces its history back to World War I. [32] In addition, some experts, such as Jonathan B. Tucker, suggest that the Iraqis did indeed employ chemical weapons during the war. Scientist believe in things, not in person. The Army and Marine Corps felt the tanks saved many American troops on Iwo Jima and Okinawa. [27] The Army eventually settled the case and paid the ranchers. [26] The chemicals were color-coded based on what compound they contained. While, unfortunately, the defensive necessities of the United States call for study of the use of chemicals in warfare, I do not want the Government of the United States to do anything to aggrandize or make permanent any special bureau of the Army or the Navy engaged in these studies. The mythical chlorine breathing green dragon symbolizes the first use of chemical weapons in warfare (chlorine). Colonel George F. Unmacht (US Army) became commander of the Army's Chemical Warfare Service, Pacific Ocean Area in 1943. The Chemical Warfare Service approved the insignia in 1921 and in 1924 the ring adopted the cobalt blue enamel. [24] This visit led to a recommendation by CCIA to establish an information and liaison office in Tokyo patterned on the Frankfurt agency. [5][6] By 1 November 1918 the CWS included 1,654 commissioned officers and 18,027 enlisted personnel. Dragon soldiers of the battlefield we proudly serve the land we are fighting for. Meanwhile, another incident involving Operation CHASE (Cut Holes and Sink 'Em) was exposed, which sought to dump chemical weapons 250 miles (400 km) off of the Florida coast, spurring concerns over the damage to the ocean environment and risk of chemical munitions washing up on shore. From the end of World War II through the Korean War, the U.S. Army, the Chemical Corps and the U.S. Air Force made great strides in their biological warfare programs, especially concerning delivery systems. The U.S. military paid to convert classrooms into laboratories. Shepherd's proposal involved hydrogen chloride, an attack that would have likely been non-lethal but may have succeeded in driving enemy soldiers from their positions. Croddy, Eric C. and Hart, C. Perez-Armendariz J., Neilands, J. Though the political leadership of the United States remained decidedly against the use of chemical weapons, there were those within the military command structure who advocated the use of such weapons. The lightning bolt is indicative of the suddenness and speed of execution of a chemical attack when fired from a primary weapon. A letter to the War Department dated 5 April 1862 from New York City resident John Doughty proposed the use of chlorine … The final selection came in June 2006. "[citation needed], All units below ONLY show the units of the Corps, not other corps (excluding HQ & HQ Companies/Detachments), The Chemical Corps, like all branches of the U.S. Army, uses specific insignia to indicate a soldier's affiliation with the corps. Discussion of the topic dates back to the American Civil War. Major Herb Thornton led chemical soldiers, who became known as tunnel rats and developed techniques for clearing enemy tunnels in Vietnam.[28]. [4], On 5 July 1917 General John J. Pershing oversaw the creation of a new military unit dealing with gas, the Gas Service Section. [33], Though Saddam Hussein had renounced the use of chemical weapons in 1989, many did not believe he would really honor that during a conflict with the United States and the broader coalition forces. [44][45] Robert S. Mulliken served in the CWS making poison gas during World War I, and he later earned the Nobel Prize in 1966 for his work on the electronic structure of molecules. Industrial plants were established in nearby cities to synthesize toxic chemicals for use in research and armaments. [1], The earliest predecessors to the United States Army Chemical Corps owe their existence to changes of military technology early in World War I. We rule the battle through the elements, proudly wearing our gold and blue. Popular support was not completely lacking. Further, United States Army Reserve chemical units began fielding equipment and training Soldiers to perform mass casualty decontamination operations. These shortcomings included inadequate training, a lack of decontamination kits and other equipment, and vaccine shortages. United States Army: Office of the Judge Advocate General. VISION (what we are for and where we are going) Dragon Soldiers-CBRN Warriors, … See more ideas about army, army humor, marine corps humor. [24] During November and December 1961 two CCIA officers visited the Far East on an intelligence collection trip. These are our picks for the units with the coolest unit mottos, along with a brief explanation of what they do. [3], In 1917, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, directed the Bureau of Mines to assist the Army and Navy in creating a gas war program. Slapped my neon that one. Mixture of Activities that the US Army Chemical Corps do, during War Time or Peace Time. The colors, gold and blue, are the colors of the Chemical Corps, while the tree's trunk is battle scarred, a reference to the historical beginnings of U.S. chemical warfare, battered tree trunks were often the only reference points that chemical mortar teams had across no man's land during World War I. The list includes soldiers from many different eras of the Chemical Corps history, including Amos Fries, Earl J. Atkisson, and William L. The Chemical Corps branch insignia consists of a cobalt blue, enamel benzene ring superimposed over two crossed gold retorts. "Memory in World War I American museum exhibits" (MA thesis, Kansas State University, 2015, Mims, Samuel E. "Survey: Perceptions About the Army Chemical Corps" (. [18][19] Despite rising between 1944 and 1945, popular public opinion never rose above 40 percent in favor of the use of gas weapons.[19]. The Chemical Corps branch insignia consists of a cobalt blue, enamel benzene ring superimposed over two crossed gold retorts. 370th Chemical Company, in Fort Worth, Texas (USAR, 460th Chemical Company, in Augusta, Michigan (, 48th Chemical Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company, at. Upon graduation from the Chemical Officer Basic Course, you may be selected to attend Ranger and Airborne School. The branch insignia, which was adopted in 1918 by the fledgling Chemical Service, measures .5 inches in height by 1.81 inches in width. A Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear officer commands the Army branch that specifically defends against the threat of CBRN weapons and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Training Requirements As previously mentioned, there is a lot of extra non-job related training that Chemical Unit soldiers have do go through. [22], During summer 1972, Nixon nominated General Creighton Abrams for the post of Army Chief of Staff and upon assuming the post the general and others began to address the reformation of the Army in the wake of Vietnam. Within a year of setting up the center, the number of scientists and technicians employed there would increase from 272 to over 1,000. Its name was changed to the Chemical Corps in 1946. This affiliation will foster long-time loyalty and commitment which will perpetuate the history, customs, and traditions of the Chemical Corps. [33] As American troops headed to the desert, analysts speculated about their vulnerability to CB attack. “Pueblo Depot” is representative of the installation throughout its history. Chemical Officers may continue in the Operations career field, serving in Chemical Corps at ever increasing levels of leadership and responsibility. “1942” is the date of establishment. The regimental insignia for the Chemical Corps was approved on 2 May 1986. When the Chemical Warfare Service changed designations to the Chemical Corps in 1946 the symbol was retained. The branch insignia of both the U.S. Army Chemical Corps and Ordnance Corps represent the depot’s command structure through its history as both an ordnance and a chemical depot. [29] When the U.S. BW program ended in 1969, it had developed seven standardized biological weapons in the form of agents that cause anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, Q-fever, VEE, and botulism. The Chemical Corps continued to support the force through the use of incendiary weapons, such as napalm, and riot control measures, among other missions. Oxidants happen. Throughout the years and the various missions, the name of the depot has changed. “Better to die than to be a coward” The Royal Gurkha Rifles (United Kingdom): The Gurkha Rifles are … The three stalks of wheat symbolize the harvest of hope that has been secured through industry, cultivation and abundance. [30], In 1974 Abrams died in office after the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. "The Chemical Corps has a deep-rooted history dating back to World War I, so it's good for them to know our history. After the end of the Korean War, the Army decided to strip the Chemical Corps of the 4.2 inch mortar system and made that an infantry weapon, given its utility against Chinese mortars. “Safety” and “Service” capture the continued and historical depot missions. [27], Beginning in the late 1960s, the chemical warfare capabilities of the United States began to decline due to, in part, a decline in public opinion concerning the corps. [12] until he resigned in April 1920.[13]. Nevertheless, troops were neither supplied with masks nor trained for offensive gas warfare until the U.S. became involved in World War I in 1917. The German use of chemical weapons led General John J. Pershing to urge the creation of a specialized gas unit so that the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) would have the same capability as both allies and enemies. [22] North Korea, the Soviet Union and China leveled accusations at the United States claiming the U.S. used biological agents during the Korean War; an assertion the U.S. government has denied. The only real valuable thing is intuition. Crossed shells with a dragon head was also commonly used in France for the Chemical service. The only dedicated branch in the Department of Defense with the mission of countering WMD. The phrase translates to: "Let us (or may we) rule the battle by means of the elements". 84th Chemical Battalion. A short video describing the role of the US Army Chemical Corps on the battlefield and in homeland defense. [11] Major General William L. Sibert served as the first director of the CWS on the day it was created. Distinctive Unit Insignia: Unit Designation Motto: First Assigned to: Unit History: None authorized: 71st Chemical Company: 16 October 1986: Constituted and activated on 25 May 1942 at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. [34] After the war, analysis suggested the chemical defense capabilities of U.S. forces were woefully inadequate during and after the conflict. “Pueblo Depot” is representative of the installation throughout its history. Ensuring Community Safety Through Secure Chemical Weapons Storage at Pueblo Chemical Depot. I have a far more important objection to this change of name. His crews of Seabees produced more flamethrowing tanks than commercial production in the States. [18] In 1943 a U.S. ship carrying a secret Chemical Warfare Service cargo of mustard gas as a precautionary retaliatory measure was sunk in an air raid in Italy, causing 83 deaths and about 600 hospitalized military victims plus a larger number of civilian casualties. The shield is enclosed on three sides by a blue ribbon with Elementis Regamus Proelium written around it in gold lettering. [32] The possibility of CB attack forced the army to respond with NBC defense crash courses in theater. The 71st Chemical Company was redesignated as the 71st Chemical Smoke Generator Company on 10 November 1942. 464th Chemical Brigade (United States) (358 words) case mismatch in snippet view article motto connotes the silent, but deadly force of the weapons that the chemical corps built to combat and the silent, dirty, thankless, yet life-saving job From shop BentWookieDecal. It is desirable to designate as a Corps only those supply branches of the Army which are included in the line of the Army. [24] which also housed the Army Security Agency, the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Defense Intelligence Agency's National Intelligence University. [32] Troops deployed to the Gulf with protective masks at the ready, protective clothing was made available to those troops whose vicinity to the enemy or mission required it. C ongratulations, you have been selected to serve in the Chemical Branc h.That is great news for leaders with science degrees that listed the Chemical Corps in their top preferred branches.To Bachelors of Arts leaders, getting this news can be intimidating. [4] After the Director of the Bureau of Mines, Van H. Manning, formally offered the bureau's service to the Military Committee of the National Research Council, the council appointed a Subcommittee on Noxious Gases. [6] Additional War Department orders established a Chemical Service Section that included 47 commissioned officers and 95 enlisted personnel. "We have an overwhelming advantage in the use of gas. The U.S. and its allies officially argued that herbicides and defoliants fall outside the definition of "chemical weapons", since these substances were not designed to asphyxiate or poison humans, but to destroy plants which provided cover or concealment to the enemy. Congress chose to table action on the fate of the Chemical Corps, leaving it in limbo for several years. Science is always the solution. "United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy?" [33], Gulf War I was fought without the Iraqi Army unleashing chemical or biological munitions;[33] Eric R. Taylor, of the CATO Institute, maintained that the effective, U.S. threat of nuclear retaliation halted Hussein from employing his chemical weapons. Are Our Troops Ready for Biological and Chemical Attacks? [17] During the war, the Pine Bluff Arsenal was opened and used for BW production, and research facilities were expanded at Fort Detrick. The Chemical Corps encompasses functions which are primarily oriented toward operations, training, scientific development, and acquisition activities in support of nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) defense program. CHEMICAL CORPS FOCUS - FY21 AND BEYOND CHEMICAL CORPS MISSION (what we do across the regiment) The Chemical Corps conducts operations to protect the force and the nation from Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) / Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats and hazards. Women were employed to produce gas masks in Long Island City. Responsibilities of a Chemical Captain may include: Commanding and controlling company-sized Chemical units (200-300 Soldiers). Price: $19.99. Beginning in 1962 during the Vietnam War, the Chemical Corps operated a program that would become known as Operation Ranch Hand. The double-headed eagle suggests the two CMA methods for stockpile chemical weapons disposal, incineration and neutralization. [17] With the change came the added mission of defending against nuclear warfare, in addition, the corps continued to refine its offensive and defensive chemical capabilities. [24] The Chief Chemical Officer and Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACS/I) approved the recommendation and foresaw an activation date in financial year 1964. [22] During the Korean War (1950–53) chemical soldiers had to again man the 4.2 inch chemical mortar for smoke and high explosive munitions delivery. The combined elements of the design are suggestive of the relationship between the elements and chemical … However, the U.S. Army Chemical School at Fort McClellan, Anniston, Alabama did not reopen until 1980. Basic training is the main hurdle, 10 weeks learning the Army ins and outs. The battle scarred tree trunk, taken from the Coat of Arms of the 1st Chemical Regiment, refers to the historical beginnings, or root of American chemical warfare. Individual Chemical Corps soldiers are often referred to as "Dragon Soldiers."[40]. 3K likes. During all parts of the war, use of chemical and biological weapons were extremely limited by both sides. This bond can’t be broken. The CWS provided support for flame weapons, such as this flame thrower being employed during the Battle of Tarawa, during WWII. [27], By 1982 the Chemical Corps was running smoothly once again. Cobalt blue is a color traditionally associated with the Chemical Corps. A letter to the War Department dated 5 April 1862 from New York City resident John Doughty proposed the use of chlorine shells to drive the Confederate Army from its positions. The Pershing Missile in the center represents one of the most prominent missions of the depot in the 1980s. [27], Besides supplying flame weapons, and preparing for any eventuality of weapons of mass destruction, the Vietnam era Chemical Corps also developed "people sniffers", a type of personnel detector. Dragon soldiers who will lead the way and serve America with honor true. [29] The same year as this sarin mishap, President Richard Nixon reaffirmed a no first-use policy on chemical weapons as well as renouncing the use of biological agents. [30] In an effort to hasten chemical defense capabilities the corps restructured its doctrine, modernized its equipment, and altered its force structure. The colors cobalt blue and yellow gold are representative of the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. The colors cobalt blue and yellow gold are representative of the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. “1942” is the date of establishment. The mountain has been an element that has graced many of the past depot emblems, representing Pike’s Peak. It has been and is the policy of this Government to do everything in its power to outlaw the use of chemicals in warfare. [33] Large scale drills were conducted in the desert to better acclimatize troops to wearing the bulky protective clothing (called MOPP gear) in hot weather conditions. [2] Researchers at the Bureau of Mines had experience in developing gas masks for miners, drawing poisonous air through an activated carbon filter. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. In March 1968, the Dugway sheep incident was one of several key events which increased the growing public furor against the corps. The Chemical Branch protects our country from CBRN hazards and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Two CCIA staff members again toured selected U.S. intelligence agencies in Japan, Korea, Okinawa, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Hong Kong in the third quarter of financial year 1962. [36], A 1996 United States General Accounting Office report concluded that U.S. troops remained highly vulnerable to attack from both chemical and biological agents. The Chemical Corps did not exist before the start of World War I, but after the first German use of chlorine gas on British and French troops on 22 April 1915, the United States realized a need for some sort of specialized chemical branch, as the infantry had no … ", Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Military units and formations established in 1946, File:M2 4.2 Inch Mortars at Utah Beach.jpg, United States Army Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) School, 20th Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high-yield Explosives Command, Human experimentation in the United States, Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives, United States Army Chemical Materials Agency, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, "Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory", https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/chemical-warfare-from-the-european-battlefield-to-the-american-laboratory, https://books.google.com/books?id=kgrhjqIAMasC&pg=PA246, Appendix B: Principal Officials of the War Department and Department of the Army 1900–1963, General Sibert Resigns: Head of Army's Chemical Warfare Service Resented Transfer, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15443, Why We Didn't Use Poison Gas in World War II, United States Chemical Policy: Response Considerations, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, "United States Army in World War II, The Technical Services, The Chemical Warfare Service; Chemicals in Combat", http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/USA-in-WWII/Set-4-of-7/Disk-1/Combat.pdf, "US Army Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency", https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/173/, "Summary of Major Events and Problems: Fiscal Years 1961–1962", http://rockymountainarsenalarchive.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/summarymajorevents/, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va1500/va1560/data/va1560data.pdf, The US Army Chemical Corps: Past, Present, and Future, Fort Detrick: From Biowarfare To Biodefense. 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